My Experience in IT

Friends,

A lot of students complete their graduation, engineering but one thing that hammers them all the time is a software JOB. They try in college placements. Some don’t even have that opportunity. Some try after their college, for two years, three years and get disappointed. But friends, I just want to tell you all that never ever lose hope, always try your best and stop not till you achieve it. And don’t think that people who have achieved good ranks and got placed in good colleges get jobs in software companies. It is the technical knowledge and communication skills that fetch a job.

Though software companies give more opportunities to students who have good percentage, but let me tell you friends, this is not that difficult. Companies want employees to work as a team where one may be good at subject; other may be in implementing it, some may have leadership skills. They do not want everyone to be master in every field.  That is the reason they don’t just select students who are toppers. They give opportunity to all those who have consistent performance which shows their dedication.

Friends, you just have to keep in mind that you get at least 60% in your academics. You need not get 80's or 90's and getting 60% is not really tough if you focus a little on your curriculum. And if you think that it’s tough, then pull up your socks, because this is the time when you have to buck up. And if you still could not get good percentage, still do not worry. There are companies which give opportunity to knowledge not percentage. So try and try but do not let situation take you for granted.

Today I would like to share my experience with you all, especially for those who have given up and are in a wrong conception that they cannot get a good job. I have completed my MCA in 2012 and I got placed in a good company through college placements and worked there for few months. Though I didn’t like the way our training was going on, the work that was assigned to us, still I hanged on there as I was aware of the recession out there. I thought it’s very difficult to get another job. But then as told to us earlier that our work location would be Hyderabad, we were told to shift to Bangalore as our company was about to open another branch over there. So I had to quit my job. Then I brushed up again my core subjects Java, Oracle etc., tried for one month but could not get a job.

I submitted my Resume in all the job portals that I came across but none of them really helped me. Later I came to know that Job portals are good for experienced people. So what personally I feel that don't waste your time in Job portals. They may call you and tell about the payments that you have to do to get a good job. But never fall prey to such fake promises. They make you pay heavy amounts but hardly show any job opportunities. This is what happened with me.

 One of the well-known job portals made me pay 2500 and promised me of a good job in Hyderabad. But post payment, they told me that the payment I made was for just Resume and I need to pay 2700 more for a job, which I didn’t do. I used to get calls from consultancies and fake software companies. I have attended a lot of such companies, almost 20-25 and got fed up with that. Then I decided not to go to such companies. As I was interested in testing field, I thought of doing a course from Ameerpet. Some Institute provide very good training for testing. You just have to pay 4500, and you get training for manual testing, automation testing, DB testing, and QTP tool. Not only that, we even get trained in a project for whatever we have learned over there.

Then in Jan 2014, almost after one and a half years, I got a mail from my friend about job opportunity in a good company. I thought of not going thinking it as fake. But because of my friend who pressurized me for attending the interview, I got placed in the same company. I really felt so happy after getting selected and I’m thankful to my friends who informed me about this job and who encouraged me to give a try. So guys, whenever you get information about the job opportunities from the people you know, do attend them. The chance of them being genuine would be high. To get a job, you should inform all your friends, their siblings who are already working in IT companies, your seniors, your lecturers, your placement officer, and your friends who are working in HR department. They can really help you through professional networks like LinkedIn.

Do not stop learning even though you are searching for a job. You may not know when an opportunity may knock your door and what future has in store for you. And for those who think only merit students get jobs without any difficulty, let me tell you then that I’m a gold medal-list twice. Everyone have difficulties in their lives but the one who faces it and tries to tackle it will survive in this world. So PLZ don’t give up and give your best

Thank you, FRIENDS.

                                                                                                                                             By,

                                                                                                                                         Ashwini

 

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Useful Interview questions

 JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTION

1. Does the order of public and static declaration matter in main() method?

A. No. It doesn't matter but void should always come before main().

2. Can a source file contain more than one class declaration?

A. Yes a single source file can contain any number of Class declarations but only one of the class can be declared as public.

3. What is a package?

A. Package is a collection of related classes and interfaces. package declaration should be first statement in a java class.

4. Which package is imported by default?

A. java.lang package is imported by default even without a package declaration.

5. Can a class declared as private be accessed outside it's package?
A. Not possible.

6. Can a class be declared as protected?

A. class can't be declared as protected. only methods can be declared as protected.

7. What is the access scope of a protected method?

A. A protected method can be accessed by the classes within the same package or by the subclasses of the class in any package.

8. What is the purpose of declaring a variable as final?

A. final variable's value can't be changed. final variables should be initialized before using them.

9. What is the impact of declaring a method as final?

A. A method declared as final can't be overridden. A sub-class can't have the same method signature with a different implementation.

10. I don't want my class to be inherited by any other class. What should i do?

A. You should declared your class as final. But you can't define your class as final, if it is an abstract class. A class declared as final can't be extended by any other class.

11. Can you give few examples of final classes defined in Java API?

A. java.lang.String, java.lang.Math are final classes.

12. How is final different from finally and finalize()?

A. final is a modifier which can be applied to a class or a method or a variable. final class can't be inherited,final method can't be overridden and final variable can't be changed. 
finally is an exception handling code section which gets executed whether an exception is raised or not by the try block code segment. 

finalize() is a method of Object class which will be executed by the JVM just before garbage collecting object to give a final chance for resource releasing activity.

13. Can a class be declared as static?

A. We can not declare top level class as static, but only inner class can be declared static.
public class Test
{
    static class InnerClass
    {
        public static void InnerMethod()
        { System.out.println("Static Inner Class!"); }
    }
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
       Test.InnerClass.InnerMethod();
    }
}
//output: Static Inner Class!

14. When will you define a method as static?

A. When a method needs to be accessed even before the creation of the object of the class then we should declare the method as static.

15. What are the restriction imposed on a static method or a static block of code?

A. static method should not refer to instance variables without creating an instance and cannot use "this" operator to refer the instance.

16. I want to print "Hello" even before main() is executed. How will you acheive that?

A. Print the statement inside a static block of code. Static blocks get executed when the class gets loaded into the memory and even before the creation of an object. Hence it will be executed before the main() method. And it will be executed only once.

17. What is the importance of static variable?

A. static variables are class level variables where all objects of the class refer to the same variable. If one object changes the value then the change gets reflected in all the objects.

18. Can we declare a static variable inside a method?

A. Static variables are class level variables and they can't be declared inside a method. If declared, the class will not compile.

19. What is an Abstract Class and what is it's purpose?

A. A Class which doesn't provide complete implementation is defined as an abstract class. Abstract classes enforce abstraction.

20. Can a abstract class be declared final?

Not possible. An abstract class without being inherited is of no use and hence will result in compile time error.

21. What is use of a abstract variable?

Variables can't be declared as abstract. only classes and methods can be declared as abstract.

22. Can you create an object of an abstract class?

Not possible. Abstract classes can't be instantiated.

23. Can a abstract class be defined without any abstract methods?

Yes it's possible. This is basically to avoid instance creation of the class.

24. Class C implements Interface I containing method m1 and m2 declarations. Class C has provided implementation for method m2. Can i create an object of Class C?

No not possible. Class C should provide implementation for all the methods in the Interface I. Since Class C didn't provide implementation for m1 method, it has to be declared as abstract. Abstract classes can't be instantiated.

25. Can a method inside a Interface be declared as final?

No not possible. Doing so will result in compilation error. public and abstract are the only applicable modifiers for method declaration in an interface.

26. Can an Interface implement another Interface?

Intefaces doesn't provide implementation hence a interface cannot implement another interface.

27. Can an Interface extend another Interface?

Yes an Interface can inherit another Interface, for that matter an Interface can extend more than one Interface.

28. Can a Class extend more than one Class?

Not possible. A Class can extend only one class but can implement any number of Interfaces.

29. Why is an Interface be able to extend more than one Interface but a Class can't extend more than one Class?

Basically Java doesn't allow multiple inheritance, so a Class is restricted to extend only one Class. But an Interface is a pure abstraction model and doesn't have inheritance hierarchy like classes(do remember that the base class of all classes is Object). So an Interface is allowed to extend more than one Interface.

30. Can an Interface be final?

Not possible. Doing so so will result in compilation error.

31. Can a class be defined inside an Interface?

Yes it's possible.

32. Can an Interface be defined inside a class?

Yes it's possible.

33. What is a Marker Interface?

An Interface which doesn't have any declaration inside but still enforces a mechanism.

34. Which object oriented Concept is achieved by using overloading and overriding?
Polymorphism.

35. Why does Java not support operator overloading?

Operator overloading makes the code very difficult to read and maintain. To maintain code simplicity, Java doesn't support operator overloading.

36. Can we define private and protected modifiers for variables in interfaces?
   No.

37. What is Externalizable?

Externalizable is an Interface that extends Serializable Interface. And sends data into Streams in Compressed Format. It has two methods, writeExternal(ObjectOuput out) and readExternal(ObjectInput in)

38. What modifiers are allowed for methods in an Interface?

Only public and abstract modifiers are allowed for methods in interfaces.

39. What is a local, member and a class variable?

Variables declared within a method are "local" variables.
Variables declared within the class i.e not within any methods are "member" variables (global variables).
Variables declared within the class i.e not within any methods and are defined as "static" are class variables.

40. What is an abstract method?

An abstract method is a method whose implementation is deferred to a subclass.

41. What value does read() return when it has reached the end of a file?

The read() method returns -1 when it has reached the end of a file.


42. Can a Byte object be cast to a double value?

No, an object cannot be cast to a primitive value.

43. What is the difference between a static and a non-static inner class?

A non-static inner class may have object instances that are associated with instances of the class's outer class. A static inner class does not have any object instances.

44. What is an object's lock and which object's have locks?

An object's lock is a mechanism that is used by multiple threads to obtain synchronized access to the object. A thread may execute a synchronized method of an object only after it has acquired the object's lock. All objects and classes have locks. A class's lock is acquired on the class's Class object.

45. What is the % operator?

It is referred to as the modulo or remainder operator. It returns the remainder of dividing the first operand by the second operand.

46. When can an object reference be cast to an interface reference?

An object reference be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the referenced interface.

47. Which class is extended by all other classes?

The Object class is extended by all other classes.

48. Which non-Unicode letter characters may be used as the first character of an identifier?

The non-Unicode letter characters $ and _ may appear as the first character of an identifier

49. What restrictions are placed on method overloading?

Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different return types.

50. What is casting?

There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric types and casting between object references. Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, to smaller values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference.

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Java Interview questions Part2

1. What is the difference between a constructor and a method?

A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class. It has the same name as the class itself, has no return type, and is invoked using the new operator.
A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type (which may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator.

2. What is the purpose of garbage collection in Java, and when is it used?

The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources can be reclaimed and reused.
A Java object is subject to garbage collection when it becomes unreachable to the program in which it is used.

3. Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading?

With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources.
Without synchonization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared variable while another thread is in the process of using or updating same shared variable. This usually leads to significant errors.

4. What is an abstract class?

Abstract class must be extended/subclassed (to be useful). It serves as a template. A class that is abstract may not be instantiated (ie. you may not call its constructor), abstract class may contain static data.
Any class with an abstract method is automatically abstract itself, and must be declared as such. A class may be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods. This prevents it from being instantiated.

5. What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class?

An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior and all methods are implicitly abstract.
An interface has all public members and no implementation. An abstract class is a class which may have the usual flavors of class members (private, protected, etc.), but has some abstract methods.

6. Explain different way of using thread?

The thread could be implemented by using runnable interface or by inheriting from the Thread class. The former is more advantageous, 'cause when you are going for multiple inheritance, the only interface can help.

7. What is an Iterator?

Some of the collection classes provide traversal of their contents via a java.util.Iterator interface. This interface allows you to walk through a collection of objects, operating on each object in turn.
Remember when using Iterators that they contain a snapshot of the collection at the time the Iterator was obtained; generally it is not advisable to modify the collection itself while traversing an Iterator.

8. State the significance of public, private, protected, default modifiers both singly and in combination and state the effect of package relationships on declared items qualified by these modifiers.

public: Public class is visible in other packages, field is visible everywhere (class must be public too)
private : Private variables or methods may be used only by an instance of the same class that declares the variable or method, A private feature may only be accessed by the class that owns the feature.
protected : Is available to all classes in the same package and also available to all subclasses of the class that owns the protected feature. This access is provided even to subclasses that reside in a different package from the class that owns the protected feature.
What you get by default ie, without any access modifier (ie, public private or protected). It means that it is visible to all within a particular package.

9. What is static in java?

Static means one per class, not one for each object no matter how many instance of a class might exist. This means that you can use them without creating an instance of a class.Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object.
A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you can't override a static method with a nonstatic method. In other words, you can't change a static method into an instance method in a subclass.

10. What is final class?

A final class can't be extended ie., final class may not be subclassed. A final method can't be overridden when its class is inherited. You can't change value of a final variable (is a constant).

11. What if the main() method is declared as private?

The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "main() method not public." message.

12. What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main() method?

Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError".

13. What if I write static public void instead of public static void?

Program compiles and runs properly.

14. What if I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method?

Program compiles but throws a runtime error "NoSuchMethodError".

15. What is the first argument of the String array in main() method?

The String array is empty. It does not have any element. This is unlike C/C++ where the first element by default is the program name.

16. If I do not provide any arguments on the command line, then the String array of main() method will be empty or null?

It is empty. But not null.

17. How can one prove that the array is not null but empty using one line of code?

Print args.length. It will print 0. That means it is empty. But if it would have been null then it would have thrown a NullPointerException on attempting to print args.length.

18. What environment variables do I need to set on my machine in order to be able to run Java programs?

CLASSPATH and PATH are the two variables.

19. Can an application have multiple classes having main() method?

Yes it is possible. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run. The JVM will look for the Main method only in the class whose name you have mentioned.
Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple classes having main() method.

20. Can I have multiple main() methods in the same class?

No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main() method is already defined in the class.

21. Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why ?

No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.

22. Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package twice at runtime?

One can import the same package or same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM complains about it. And the JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how many times you import the same class.

23. What are Checked and UnChecked Exception?

A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its subclasses. Making an exception checked forces client programmers to deal with the possibility that the exception will be thrown.
Example: IOException thrown by java.io.FileInputStream's read() method·
Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to catch the exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be thrown.
Example: StringIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown by String's charAt() method· Checked exceptions must be caught at compile time. Runtime exceptions do not need to be. Errors often cannot be.

24. What is Overriding?

When a class defines a method using the same name, return type, and arguments as a method in its superclass, the method in the class overrides the method in the superclass.
When the method is invoked for an object of the class, it is the new definition of the method that is called, and not the method definition from superclass. Methods may be overridden to be more public, not more private.

25. Are the imports checked for validity at compile time? Example: will the code containing an import such as java.lang.ABCD compile?

Yes the imports are checked for the semantic validity at compile time. The code containing above line of import will not compile. It will throw an error saying, can not resolve symbol
symbol : class ABCD
location: package io
import java.io.ABCD;

26. Does importing a package imports the subpackages as well? Example: Does importing com.MyTest.* also import com.MyTest.UnitTests.*?

No you will have to import the subpackages explicitly. Importing com.MyTest.* will import classes in the package MyTest only. It will not import any class in any of it's subpackage.

27. What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?

In declaration we just mention the type of the variable and it's name. We do not initialize it. But defining means declaration + initialization.
Example: String s; is just a declaration while String s = new String ("abcd"); Or String s = "abcd"; are both definitions.

28. What is the default value of an object reference declared as an instance variable?

The default value will be null unless we define it explicitly.

29. Can a top level class be private or protected?

No. A top level class cannot be private or protected. It can have either "public" or no modifier. If it does not have a modifier it is supposed to have a default access.
If a top level class is declared as private the compiler will complain that the "modifier private is not allowed here". This means that a top level class can not be private. Same is the case with protected.

30. What type of parameter passing does Java support?

In Java the arguments are always passed by value.

31. Primitive data types are passed by reference or pass by value?

Primitive data types are passed by value.

32. Objects are passed by value or by reference?

Java only supports pass by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object.

33. What is serialization?

Serialization is a mechanism by which you can save the state of an object by converting it to a byte stream.

34. How do I serialize an object to a file?

The class whose instances are to be serialized should implement an interface Serializable. Then you pass the instance to the ObjectOutputStream which is connected to a fileoutputstream. This will save the object to a file.

35. Which methods of Serializable interface should I implement?

The serializable interface is an empty interface, it does not contain any methods. So we do not implement any methods.

36. How can I customize the seralization process? i.e. how can one have a control over the serialization process?

Yes it is possible to have control over serialization process. The class should implement Externalizable interface. This interface contains two methods namely readExternal and writeExternal.
You should implement these methods and write the logic for customizing the serialization process.

37. What is the common usage of serialization?

Whenever an object is to be sent over the network, objects need to be serialized. Moreover if the state of an object is to be saved, objects need to be serilazed.

38. What is Externalizable interface?

Externalizable is an interface which contains two methods readExternal and writeExternal. These methods give you a control over the serialization mechanism.
Thus if your class implements this interface, you can customize the serialization process by implementing these methods.

39. When you serialize an object, what happens to the object references included in the object?

The serialization mechanism generates an object graph for serialization. Thus it determines whether the included object references are serializable or not. This is a recursive process.
Thus when an object is serialized, all the included objects are also serialized alongwith the original obect.

40. What one should take care of while serializing the object?

One should make sure that all the included objects are also serializable. If any of the objects is not serializable then it throws a NotSerializableException.

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JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What is the most important feature of Java?

Java is a platform independent language.

2. What do you mean by platform independence?

Platform independence means that we can write and compile the java code in one platform (eg Windows) and can execute the class in any other supported platform eg (Linux,Solaris,etc).

3. What is a JVM?

JVM is Java Virtual Machine which is a run time environment for the compiled java class files.

4. Are JVM's platform independent?

JVM's are not platform independent. JVM's are platform specific run time implementation provided by the vendor.

5. What is the difference between a JDK and a JVM?

JDK is Java Development Kit which is for development purpose and it includes execution environment also. But JVM is purely a run time environment and hence you will not be able to compile your source files using a JVM.

6. What is a pointer and does Java support pointers?

Pointer is a reference handle to a memory location. Improper handling of pointers leads to memory leaks and reliability issues hence Java doesn't support the usage of pointers.

7. What is the base class of all classes?

java.lang.Object

8. Does Java support multiple inheritance?

Java doesn't support multiple inheritance.

9. Is Java a pure object oriented language?

Java uses primitive data types and hence is not a pure object oriented language.

10. Are arrays primitive data types?

In Java, Arrays are objects.

11. What is difference between Path and Classpath?

Path and Classpath are operating system level environment variales. Path is used define where the system can find the executables(.exe) files and classpath is used to specify the location .class files.

12. What are local variables?

Local varaiables are those which are declared within a block of code like methods. Local variables should be initialised before accessing them.

13. What are instance variables?

Instance variables are those which are defined at the class level. Instance variables need not be initialized before using them as they are automatically initialized to their default values.

14. How to define a constant variable in Java?

The variable should be declared as static and final. So only one copy of the variable exists for all instances of the class and the value can't be changed also.
static final int PI = 2.14; is an example for constant.

15. Should a main() method be compulsorily declared in all java classes?

No not required. main() method should be defined only if the source class is a java application.

16. What is the return type of the main() method?

Main() method doesn't return anything hence declared void.

17. Why is the main() method declared static?

main() method is called by the JVM even before the instantiation of the class hence it is declared as static.

18. What is the arguement of main() method?

main() method accepts an array of String object as arguement.

19. Can a main() method be overloaded?

Yes. You can have any number of main() methods with different method signature and implementation in the class.

20. Can a main() method be declared final?

Yes. Any inheriting class will not be able to have it's own default main() method.

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Interview Questions

                                                       

1.    What are different types of storage classes in c?
A.    There are 4 storage classes in c ie
                 i)Automatic
                 ii)Register
                 iii)Static &
                 iv)External

         i) Automatic(Auto):
                        Storage: Memory
                         Default Initial Value: Garbage Value
                         Scope: Local to block in which variable is declared.
                         Life: Till the control remain with in block in which variable is declared

         ii) Register:
                        Storage: CPU Registers
                         Default Initial Value: Garbage Value
                         Scope: Local to block in which variable is defined.
                         Life: Till the control remain with in block in which variable is defined.

         iii) Static:
                       Storage: Memory
                        Default Initial Value: Zero
                        Scope: Local to block in which variable is defined.
                        Life: Till value of the variable persists between different function call

         iv) External:
                        Storage: Memory
                         Default Initial Value: Zero
                         Scope: Global
                         Life: As long as program's execution doesn't come to an end.
..................................................................................................................................................

2.   What is meant by pointer?
A.   It is an Operator(*). It is called Value at address.

• Can be applied to any data type
• Declaration 

                             int *j;

                             int i=10;  

                             j=&i;

...............................................................................................................................................

3. What is meant by "float *s"?

A. It stores the address of floating point variable but not the floating point value.

...................................................................................................................................................

4. How to declare 'pointer to array'?

A.  Int (*p)[2]

             

                      Brackets to p are necessary

....................................................................................................................................................

5. How to declare 'array to pointer'?

A. Int *s[4]

....................................................................................................................................................

6. How to declare 'pointer to function'?

A. Every function in C is associated with some address

      Declaration:       int display();

                                    int (*fun-ptr)();     (parenthesis are necessary)

                                    display=fun-ptr;  (address assignment)

                                    (*fun-ptr)();          (invokes the function display)

....................................................................................................................................................

7. What is meant by Structure and how to declare it?

A. It is defined as that the data type in which it stores Dissimilar datatypes.

                 Declaration:  

                                            struct  book                      (new data type)

                                             {

                                                 char name;

                                                  float price;

                                                  int pages;

                                             };

   

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8. Is it possible to declare any number of variables in structure?

A. Yes, it is possible to declare any number of variables 

                eg: struct book b1,b2,b3

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9. What are features of Structure?
A. * The value of structure variable can be assigned to another structure of same type using              assignment operator
    * One structure can be nested with in another structure.
    * A structure variable can also be passed as an argument to function.
    * Pointer to applicable to structure
    * Main use of structure is database management.
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10.What are the uses of structure?

A.  * Changing the size of cursor

      * Clearing the content of screen

      * Placing the cursor to an appropriate position on screen

       * Drawing any graphics shape on the screen

        * Receiving a key from keyboard

        * Checking the memory size of this computer

        * Finding out the list of equipment attached to the computer

        * Formatting a floppy

        * Hiding a file from directory

        * Displaying directory of disk

        * sending the output to printer

       * Interacting with the mouse.

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11.What is difference between structures and array?

A *Array is collection of similar elements

    *Structure is a data type which stores dissimilar data types.

    * Array is a derived data type

    * Structure is user defined data type.

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12.What is meant by Malloc() ?

A * It is standard library function

*It is used to allocate memory dynamically during the time of execution.

* By using array we get fixed with some size but using malloc() we can create our own required size by passing number of bytes

* Malloc takes single argument

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13.What is Macros?

A Macros are defined labels which can be replaced at any time by the user.

Ex. #define MAX 35

      #define Z Printf (Z is used in place of printf)

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14.What is meant by call by value?

A Call by value is defined as “sending the values of the variable as argument”.

Ex. Swap(x,y);            ………….> Function calling

  Swap(int a,int b)    ……………> Function definition

{ …………………}

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15.What is meant by call by Reference?

A Call by Reference is defined as “Passing the address of the variable as argument”.

 Ex. Swap(&a,&b);      ………….> Function calling

 Swap(int *x,int *y)    ……………> Function definition

{……………}

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